The possibility of predicting rainfall anomalies in the Philippines due to El Niño and La Niña is investigated. The data used in the investigation consist of rain gauge observations, satellite-derived rainfall and sea surface temperatures in the Central Pacific Ocean. The investigation is...
The changes in rainfall patterns, which evolve during the growth in size of a tropical urban area, are studied by means of model simulations. The urban area is located along a coastline. The simulated rainfall is produced by mesoscale disturbances during the rainy...
Remote sensing of the atmosphere using Global Positioning Systems has been made possible with the derivation of the precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the tropospheric wet delay experienced by the signal propagation. Although limited by the missing observational data from the receiver, it...
Having successfully implemented the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) in the Agila Beowulf cluster of Ateneo, the Atmospheric Modeling Group (AMG) of the Manila Observatory was able to make several test runs on the Luzon island domain (12.2 deg to 18.8 deg latitude,...
The pollution patterns due to discharges from a marine outfall in the coastal waters of Southern Lingayen Gulf are studied. The variations of these patterns corresponding to different prevailing winds are obtained by using a mathematical model of the Gulf. The model equations...
Air pollutants are trapped within a very thin layer of the atmosphere called the boundary layer (BL). A hydrostatic, biaxial, vertically-pointing Mie Scattering 532 nm Nd:YAG with 20 Hz repetition rate lidar was used to observe the development of daytime BL over Metro...
The present report describes an initial research to develop a theoretical model, which would explain the observations that will be described. The ultimate goal of the research is to develop a model for predicting air pollution over Metro Manila [Presented at the Samahang...
Major advances have been made on the study of climate change. For this reason, a higher resolution of climate baseline is required. It is important that the climate baseline be an accurate representation of the mean state over time and space. Our goal...
A two-dimensional, theoretical model based on the fluid dynamical equations is developed to determine the effects of urbanization on rainfall. The model is applied to a case where the urban area is located between the sea and the rural area. The model incorporates...
Observational studies show that the climate of a city or an urbanized area is significantly different from that of the surrounding rural areas. The differences are due to four factors1. First, urbanization changes the thermal properties of the earth surface. Areas of concrete,...
The optical properties of clouds are important factors in studying global radiative balance. In particular, the optical depth distribution of clouds, which may be derived from the extinction coefficient, is useful in modeling the radiation distribution in the atmosphere. In the western Pacific...
Since the late nineteenth century, the average temperature of the earth has increased by 0.3 to 0.6oC. Global circulation models (GCMs) predict that in the next 50 to 100 years, the temperature will continue to rise by 1 to 3.5oC. These models attribute...
Most simulations of global climate are performed by low spatial resolution models called general circulation models (GCMs) to avoid huge computing expense normally incurred in running these models over time frames of the order of decades. In fact, the predictions of global climate...
The Southwestern Luzon region is included in the highest rainfall areas of the Southwest Monsoon. The climatological rainfall maximum is primarily a reflection of the subsynoptic rainfall disturbances that occur during episodes of strong southwest monsoon flow, the so-called monsoon surges. These rainfall...
The effect of the urbanization on temperature and on rainfall is studied by analyzing observational data. The primary data used are observations from Port Area and Science Garden.These correspond to locations in the urbanized area. These observations are upplemented by observations at rural...
The characteristics of rainfall and wind during the occurrence of three El Nino episodes and one La Nina episode are studied by using observational data. The episodes correspond to the El Nino of the years 1983, 1987, and 1992, and the La Nina...
A diagnostic study of the rainfall and the wind climatology of the Philippine–South China Sea region has been conducted using data obtained from the ECMWF reanalysis. The study shows unusually complex rainfall patterns even over the sea where no complications can occur due...
During the past two decades, the Philippines has experienced unusual droughts and floods due to the climatological phenomena called El Nino and La Nina. El Nino occurs approximately once every five years, while La Nina is less frequent. El Nino is a physical...
Our atmosphere contains, in addition to a variety of molecules, a rich brew of particulates and aerosols that include dust, ice and salt crystals, fog, haze and clouds. These particles largely exist within the lowest part of the atmosphere, the boundary layer. This...
Most spectrometer systems today come as self-contained ready-to-use commercial packages. As such, their basic design considerations and fine-tuning methods have mostly become lost to the scientific community at large. Little literature on the design and alignment exist and what there is are difficult...